Not really. I can tell what hop family the hop is from. The "noble" hops are the German/Czech hop group that's used mostly in lagers. Spalt, Tettnanger, Mittlefruh, Hallertauer, Saaz, etc. Hallertauer has kind of a pleasant piney smell to me, and Saaz seems kind of buttery, but I doubt I could tell you the exact variety from tasting a beer.

The English ale hops are another "family" - Fuggles, Kent Goldings, etc. I can tell those every time, but not the exact variety. American hop varieties, Northern Brewer, Cluster, Cascade, etc. are real good but not that distinctive. I sure couldn't tell just which one of those was in a beer.